ostd/mm/page_table/node/

entry.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
//! This module provides accessors to the page table entries in a node.
use vstd::prelude::*;

use vstd_extra::ghost_tree::*;
use vstd_extra::ownership::*;

use crate::arch::mm::PagingConsts;
use crate::mm::frame::meta::mapping::{frame_to_meta, meta_to_frame};
use crate::mm::frame::{
    Frame, FrameRef,
    meta::{REF_COUNT_MAX, REF_COUNT_UNUSED},
};
use crate::mm::page_table::*;
use crate::mm::{Paddr, PagingConstsTrait, PagingLevel, Vaddr};
use crate::specs::arch::{NR_ENTRIES, NR_LEVELS, PAGE_SIZE};
use crate::specs::mm::frame::{
    mapping::{frame_to_index, group_page_meta},
    meta_region_owners::MetaRegionOwners,
};
use crate::specs::mm::page_table::{INC_LEVELS, PageTableOwner};
use crate::specs::task::InAtomicMode;

use core::marker::PhantomData;
use core::ops::Deref;

use crate::{
    mm::{nr_subpage_per_huge, page_prop::PageProperty},
    //    sync::RcuDrop,
    //    task::atomic_mode::InAtomicMode,
};

use super::*;

verus! {

/// A reference to a page table node.
pub type PageTableNodeRef<'a, C> = FrameRef<'a, PageTablePageMeta<C>>;

/// A guard that holds the lock of a page table node.
pub struct PageTableGuard<'rcu, C: PageTableConfig> {
    pub inner: PageTableNodeRef<'rcu, C>,
}

impl<'rcu, C: PageTableConfig> Deref for PageTableGuard<'rcu, C> {
    type Target = PageTableNodeRef<'rcu, C>;

    #[verus_spec(ensures returns self.inner)]
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        &self.inner
    }
}

pub struct Entry<'a, 'rcu, C: PageTableConfig> {
    /// The page table entry.
    ///
    /// We store the page table entry here to optimize the number of reads from
    /// the node. We cannot hold a `&mut E` reference to the entry because that
    /// other CPUs may modify the memory location for accessed/dirty bits. Such
    /// accesses will violate the aliasing rules of Rust and cause undefined
    /// behaviors.
    ///
    /// # Verification Design
    /// The concrete value of a PTE is specific to the architecture and the page table configuration,
    /// represented by the type `C::E`. We represent its value as an abstract [`EntryOwner`], which is
    /// connected to the concrete value by `match_pte`. The `EntryOwner` is well-formed with respect to
    /// `Entry` if it is related to the concrete value by `match_pte`.
    ///
    /// An `Entry` can be thought of as a mutable handle to the concrete value of the PTE.
    /// The `node` field is a mutable reference to the guard of the node that contains the entry,
    /// `index` provides the offset, and the `pte` is current value. Only one `Entry` can exist for
    /// a given node at any given time.
    pub pte: C::E,
    /// The index of the entry in the node.
    pub idx: usize,
    /// The node that contains the entry.
    pub node: &'a mut PageTableGuard<'rcu, C>,
}

#[verus_verify]
impl<'a, 'rcu, C: PageTableConfig> Entry<'a, 'rcu, C> {
    pub open spec fn new_spec(
        pte: C::E,
        idx: usize,
        node: &'a mut PageTableGuard<'rcu, C>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self { pte, idx, node }
    }

    #[verus_spec(res =>
        ensures
            res.pte == pte,
            res.idx == idx,
            *res.node == *old(node),
            *final(node) == *final(res.node),
    )]
    pub fn new(pte: C::E, idx: usize, node: &'a mut PageTableGuard<'rcu, C>) -> Self {
        Self { pte, idx, node }
    }
}

#[verus_verify]
impl<'a, 'rcu, C: PageTableConfig> Entry<'a, 'rcu, C> {
    /// Returns if the entry does not map to anything.
    #[verus_spec(r =>
        with Tracked(owner): Tracked<&EntryOwner<C>>,
        requires
            self.wf(*owner),
            owner.inv(),
        returns owner.is_absent(),
    )]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
        !self.pte.is_present()
    }

    /// Returns if the entry maps to a page table node.
    #[verus_spec(
        with Tracked(owner): Tracked<EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&NodeOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(regions): Tracked<&MetaRegionOwners>,
        requires
            owner.inv(),
            self.wf(owner),
            parent_owner.relate_guard(*self.node),
            parent_owner.inv(),
            parent_owner.level == owner.parent_level,
            regions.inv(),
            parent_owner.metaregion_sound_node(*regions),
        returns
            owner.is_node(),
    )]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn is_node(&self) -> bool {
        let tracked parent_meta_perm = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
            parent_owner.slot_index,
        );
        self.pte.is_present() && !self.pte.is_last(
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm))]
            self.node.level(),
        )
    }

    /// Gets a reference to the child.
    #[verus_spec(res =>
        with Tracked(owner): Tracked<&EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&NodeOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(regions): Tracked<&mut MetaRegionOwners>,
        requires
            self.invariants(*owner, *old(regions)),
            self.node_matching(*owner, *parent_owner, *self.node),
            parent_owner.metaregion_sound_node(*old(regions)),
        ensures
            res.invariants(*owner, *final(regions)),
            final(regions).slot_owners == old(regions).slot_owners,
            forall|k: usize|
                old(regions).slots.contains_key(k) ==> #[trigger] final(regions).slots.contains_key(
                    k,
                ),
            forall|k: usize|
                old(regions).slots.contains_key(k) ==> old(regions).slots[k]
                    == #[trigger] final(regions).slots[k],
            final(regions).inv(),
    )]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn to_ref(&self) -> ChildRef<'rcu, C> {
        let tracked parent_meta_perm = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
            parent_owner.slot_index,
        );
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm))]
        let level = self.node.level();

        // SAFETY:
        //  - The PTE outlives the reference (since we have `&self`).
        //  - The level matches the current node.
        let res = unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(regions), Tracked(owner))]
            ChildRef::from_pte(&self.pte, level)
        };

        res
    }

    /// Operates on the mapping properties of the entry.
    ///
    /// It only modifies the properties if the entry is present.
    ///
    /// # Verified Properties
    /// ## Preconditions
    /// - **Safety Invariants**: The entry must satisfy the relevant safety invariants.
    /// - **Safety**: The entry must be a frame.
    /// ## Postconditions
    /// - **Safety Invariants**: The entry continues to satisfy the relevant safety invariants.
    /// - **Safety**: The guard permission is preserved.
    /// - **Correctness**: The entry's permissions are updated by `op`
    /// ## Safety
    /// - The entry is updated in place, only changing its properties.
    /// `regions` is passed read-only to source the parent node's slot perm
    /// via the borrow-model bridge (used by `write_pte`'s `start_paddr` call).
    #[verus_spec(
        with Tracked(owner) : Tracked<&mut EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&mut NodeOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(regions): Tracked<&MetaRegionOwners>,
        requires
            old(owner).inv(),
            old(self).wf(*old(owner)),
            old(self).node_matching(*old(owner), *old(parent_owner), *old(self).node),
            op.requires((old(self).pte.prop(),)),
            old(owner).is_frame(),
            regions.inv(),
            regions.slots.contains_key(old(parent_owner).slot_index),
            old(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*regions),
            // POTENTIALLY UNSOUND PATCH: `op` must preserve the trackedness of
            // `item_from_raw_spec(pa, level, _)` across the prop change.
            //
            // `axiom_frame_is_tracked_matches_item` asserts that the entry's recorded
            // `is_tracked` field equals `C::tracked(C::item_from_raw_spec(pa, level, prop))`.
            // `protect` updates `prop = op(old_prop)` but preserves `is_tracked`. If
            // `C::tracked` of the reconstructed item depended on a bit `op` flipped, the
            // axiom would be violated.
            //
            // For `KernelPtConfig`, `C::tracked(item)` reads `prop.flags.AVAIL1`, so this
            // precondition reduces to "op preserves AVAIL1". For `UserPtConfig`,
            // `C::tracked` is constant `true`, so this is trivial.
            //
            // This precondition is a *patch*, not a fix. The underlying issue is that
            // `KernelPtConfig` overloads the PTE's `prop.AVAIL1` to encode tracked-ness,
            // conflating "page property bits the user wants to mutate" with "internal
            // accounting." A clean fix is to track tracked-ness separately from `prop`,
            // or to reformulate `axiom_frame_is_tracked_matches_item` so it doesn't
            // depend on `prop`.
            forall|pa: Paddr, level: PagingLevel, p_in: PageProperty, p_out: PageProperty|
                #![auto]
                op.ensures((p_in,), p_out) ==> C::tracked(C::item_from_raw_spec(pa, level, p_out))
                    == C::tracked(C::item_from_raw_spec(pa, level, p_in)),
        ensures
            final(owner).inv(),
            final(self).wf(*final(owner)),
            final(self).node_matching(*final(owner), *final(parent_owner), *final(self).node),
            final(self).parent_perms_preserved(*old(parent_owner), *final(parent_owner)),
            final(owner).is_frame(),
            final(owner).frame().mapped_pa == old(owner).frame().mapped_pa,
            final(owner).frame().is_tracked == old(owner).frame().is_tracked,
            final(owner).path == old(owner).path,
            final(owner).parent_level == old(owner).parent_level,
            final(self).idx == old(self).idx,
            *final(self).node == *old(self).node,
            old(self).pte.is_present() ==> op.ensures(
                (old(owner).frame().prop,),
                final(owner).frame().prop,
            ),
            // `protect` only changes a present PTE's `prop` (never its
            // present-status) and never touches `nr_children`, so the present
            // count and the counter are both unchanged — keeping the parent's
            // `count_consistent` invariant intact for the caller.
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::count_present(
                final(parent_owner).children_perm.value(),
            ) == crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::count_present(
                old(parent_owner).children_perm.value(),
            ),
            final(parent_owner).meta_own.nr_children.value() == old(
                parent_owner,
            ).meta_own.nr_children.value(),
    )]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn protect(&mut self, op: impl FnOnce(PageProperty) -> PageProperty) {
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(owner), Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(regions))]
        let pte = self.node.protect_child(self.idx, op);
        self.pte = pte;
    }

    /// Replaces the entry with a new child.
    ///
    /// The old child is returned.
    ///
    /// # Verified Properties
    /// ## Preconditions
    /// - **Safety Invariants**: Both old and new owners must satisfy the respective safety invariants for an [Entry](Entry::invariants)
    /// and a [Child](Child::invariants).
    /// - **Safety**: The caller must provide valid owners for all objects, and for the parent node where the entry
    /// is being replaced. The parent node must have a valid guard permission.
    /// - **Correctness**: The new child must be compatible with the old, for instance by having the same level.
    /// ## Postconditions
    /// - **Safety Invariants**: The old and new owners will satisfy the safety invariants for an [Entry](Entry::invariants)
    /// and a [Child](Child::invariants), but they have changed positions.
    /// - **Safety**: Safety properties that hold across the page table's tree structure are preserved
    /// everywhere except for the entry being replaced.
    /// - **Correctness**: The entry will match the argument, and the returned child will match the entry that was replaced.
    /// ## Safety
    /// - The invariants ensure that the entry is appropriately aligned and its index is within bounds.
    /// - The transformation from child to entry ensures that the tree now owns the updated entry.
    #[verus_spec(res =>
        with Tracked(regions) : Tracked<&mut MetaRegionOwners>,
             Tracked(owner): Tracked<&mut EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(new_owner): Tracked<&mut EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&mut NodeOwner<C>>,
        requires
            old(self).invariants(*old(owner), *old(regions)),
            new_child.invariants(*old(new_owner), *old(regions)),
            old(self).node_matching(*old(owner), *old(parent_owner), *old(self).node),
            old(self).new_owner_compatible(new_child, *old(owner), *old(new_owner), *old(regions)),
            old(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*old(regions)),
            new_child matches Child::PageTable(node) ==> old(regions).frame_obligations.count(
                frame_to_index(meta_to_frame(node.ptr.addr())),
            ) > 0,
        ensures
            final(self).invariants(*final(new_owner), *final(regions)),
            res.invariants(*final(owner), *final(regions)),
            final(self).node_matching(*final(new_owner), *final(parent_owner), *final(self).node),
            final(self).idx == old(self).idx,
            *final(self).node == *old(self).node,
            *final(owner) == old(owner).from_pte_owner_spec(),
            *final(new_owner) == old(new_owner).into_pte_owner_spec(),
            Self::metaregion_sound_neq_preserved(
                *old(owner),
                *final(new_owner),
                *old(regions),
                *final(regions),
            ),
            !final(new_owner).is_node() ==> Self::metaregion_sound_neq_old_preserved(
                *old(owner),
                *old(regions),
                *final(regions),
            ),
            (!old(owner).is_node() && !final(new_owner).is_node())
                ==> Self::metaregion_sound_preserved(*old(regions), *final(regions)),
            final(new_owner).is_node() && !final(new_owner).is_absent() ==> PageTableOwner::<
                C,
            >::path_tracked_pred(*final(regions))(*final(new_owner), final(new_owner).path),
            final(self).parent_perms_preserved(*old(parent_owner), *final(parent_owner)),
            final(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*final(regions)),
            // paths_in_pt changes when new owner is a node; preserved otherwise.
            forall|idx: usize|
                #![trigger final(regions).slot_owners[idx].paths_in_pt]
                (!final(new_owner).is_node() || final(new_owner).is_absent() || idx
                    != frame_to_index(final(new_owner).meta_slot_paddr()->0))
                    ==> final(regions).slot_owners[idx].paths_in_pt == old(
                    regions,
                ).slot_owners[idx].paths_in_pt,
            // slots: monotonic (from_pte may add; into_pte doesn't remove for non-nodes).
            forall|k: usize|
                old(regions).slots.contains_key(k) ==> #[trigger] final(regions).slots.contains_key(
                    k,
                ),
            // ref_count is preserved per-slot. `into_pte_regions_spec` and
            // `from_pte_regions_spec` only ever rewrite `raw_count` (and the
            // ghost `paths_in_pt` is touched by the surrounding body, never
            // `inner_perms`); both use the `..old_slot` struct-update form
            // so `inner_perms.ref_count` is preserved across the rewrite.
            forall|idx: usize|
                #![trigger final(regions).slot_owners[idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value()]
                final(regions).slot_owners[idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value() == old(
                    regions,
                ).slot_owners[idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value(),
            forall|idx: usize|
                #![trigger final(regions).slot_owners[idx].inner_perms]
                final(regions).slot_owners[idx].inner_perms == old(
                    regions,
                ).slot_owners[idx].inner_perms,
            final(regions).slots == old(regions).slots,
            // When both old and new are not nodes: from_pte/into_pte are identity.
            (!old(owner).is_node() && !final(new_owner).is_node()) ==> {
                &&& final(regions).slots == old(regions).slots
                &&& forall|i: usize|
                    #![trigger final(regions).slot_owners[i]]
                    final(regions).slot_owners[i] == old(
                        regions,
                    ).slot_owners[i]
                // Canonical model: neither `from_pte` (old non-node) nor
                // `into_pte` (new non-node) touches the per-frame ledger, so
                // it is preserved. Lets the huge-page split loop carry the
                // freshly-allocated node's obligation across the per-child
                // `replace` calls up to its own `into_pte`.
                &&& final(regions).frame_obligations == old(regions).frame_obligations
            },
            // When old child is absent and new child is not a node: slots values unchanged.
            (old(owner).is_absent() && !final(new_owner).is_node()) ==> forall|k: usize|
                old(regions).slots.contains_key(k) ==> old(regions).slots[k]
                    == #[trigger] final(regions).slots[k],
            Self::replace_nonpanic_condition(*old(parent_owner), *old(new_owner)),
    )]
    #[verifier::spinoff_prover]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn replace(&mut self, new_child: Child<C>) -> Child<C> {
        let ghost new_idx = frame_to_index(new_owner.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap());
        // For restoring `count_consistent` (the `nr_children == count_present`
        // invariant) at the end: snapshot the parent's PTE array and counter
        // before the PTE write + counter inc/dec.
        let ghost cp0 = parent_owner.children_perm.value();

        #[cfg(feature = "allow_panic")]
        {
            let guard_level = self.node.level();
            match &new_child {
                Child::PageTable(node) => {
                    assert!(node.level() == guard_level - 1);
                },
                Child::Frame(_, level, _) => {
                    assert!(*level == guard_level);
                },
                Child::None => {},
            }
        }

        // SAFETY:
        //  - The PTE is not referenced by other `ChildRef`s (since we have `&mut self`).
        //  - The level matches the current node.
        let tracked parent_meta_perm = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
            parent_owner.slot_index,
        );
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm))]
        let level = self.node.level();

        let old_child = unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(regions), Tracked(owner))]
            Child::from_pte(self.pte, level)
        };

        if old_child.is_none() && !new_child.is_none() {
            let tracked parent_meta_perm2 = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
                parent_owner.slot_index,
            );
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm2))]
            let nr_children = self.node.nr_children_mut();
            let _tmp = nr_children.read(Tracked(&parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children));
            proof {
                parent_owner.nr_children_absent_slot_bound(self.idx);
            }
            nr_children.write(Tracked(&mut parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children), _tmp + 1);
        } else if !old_child.is_none() && new_child.is_none() {
            let tracked parent_meta_perm3 = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
                parent_owner.slot_index,
            );
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm3))]
            let nr_children = self.node.nr_children_mut();
            let _tmp = nr_children.read(Tracked(&parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children));
            proof {
                parent_owner.nr_children_present_slot_bound(self.idx);
            }
            nr_children.write(Tracked(&mut parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children), _tmp - 1);
        }
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(new_owner), Tracked(regions))]
        let new_pte = new_child.into_pte();

        // SAFETY:
        //  1. The index is within the bounds.
        //  2. The new PTE is a valid child whose level matches the current page table node.
        //  3. The ownership of the child is passed to the page table node.
        unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(&*regions))]
            self.node.write_pte(self.idx, new_pte)
        };

        self.pte = new_pte;

        proof {
            // Install new entry's path into its slot's paths_in_pt.
            // Nodes: singleton overwrite (tree enforces unique node path).
            // Frames: their path is installed by the caller BEFORE calling replace,
            //   so that `new_child.invariants` — which now requires
            //   `paths_in_pt.contains(new.path)` for the frame arm — is satisfied on
            //   entry. See the huge-page split and `replace_cur_entry` caller sites.
            if new_owner.is_node() {
                let paddr = new_owner.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap();
                regions.inv_implies_correct_addr(paddr);

                let tracked mut new_meta_slot = regions.slot_owners.tracked_remove(new_idx);
                new_meta_slot.paths_in_pt = set![new_owner.path];
                regions.slot_owners.tracked_insert(new_idx, new_meta_slot);
            }
        }

        proof {
            // When both old and new are not nodes:
            // from_pte/into_pte are identity, no slot_owners change. Regions unchanged.
            if !old(owner).is_node() && !new_owner.is_node() {
                // slot_owners and slots are identical → metaregion_sound trivially preserved.
            }
        }

        proof {
            if new_owner.is_node() || new_owner.is_frame() {
                let paddr = new_owner.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap();
                regions.inv_implies_correct_addr(paddr);
            }
        }

        proof {
            // Restore `count_consistent` (`nr_children == count_present(children_perm)`):
            // `write_pte` changed only slot `self.idx`, and `nr_children` was
            // inc/dec'd by exactly that slot's present-status change.
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::lemma_count_present_upto_update(
                cp0,
                NR_ENTRIES as int,
                self.idx as int,
                new_pte,
            );
            // Present-status of the old/new PTEs is pinned to the owner kind by
            // `match_pte`, and the counter branches keyed off `is_none()`.
        }

        old_child
    }

    /// Allocates a new child page table node and replaces the entry with it.
    ///
    /// If the old entry is not none, the operation will fail and return `None`.
    /// Otherwise, the lock guard of the new child page table node is returned.
    /// # Verified Properties
    /// ## Preconditions
    /// - **Safety Invariants**: The old node's root must satisfy the safety invariants for an [Entry](Entry::invariants)
    /// and the caller must provide its parent node owner.
    /// ## Postconditions
    /// - **Safety Invariants**: If a new node is allocated, it will satisfy the safety invariants.
    /// - **Safety**: If a new node is allocated, all other nodes have their invariants preserved.
    /// - **Correctness**: A new node is allocated if and only if the old node is absent.
    /// - **Correctness**: If the old node is present, the function retuns `None` and the state is unchanged.
    /// ## Safety
    /// - The invariants ensure that the entry is appropriately aligned and its index is within bounds.
    /// - The invariants of the entire page table are preserved in both cases.
    #[verus_spec(res =>
        with Tracked(owner): Tracked<&mut OwnerSubtree<C>>,
            Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&mut NodeOwner<C>>,
            Tracked(regions): Tracked<&mut MetaRegionOwners>,
            Tracked(guards): Tracked<&mut Guards<'rcu>>,
        requires
            old(self).invariants(old(owner).value, *old(regions)),
            old(owner).inv(),
            old(self).node_matching(old(owner).value, *old(parent_owner), *old(self).node),
            old(owner).level < INC_LEVELS - 1,
            // The cursor entry's ghost-tree level is its DEPTH
            // (`INC_LEVELS - parent_PT_level`), tying it to the freshly-
            // allocated node's depth (`new_node_owner.level`) so we can prove
            // `final(owner).inv()`'s `child.level == self.level + 1`.
            old(owner).level + old(parent_owner).level == INC_LEVELS,
            old(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*old(regions)),
        ensures
            final(self).invariants(final(owner).value, *final(regions)),
            final(self).parent_perms_preserved(*old(parent_owner), *final(parent_owner)),
            final(self).idx == old(self).idx,
            final(parent_owner).count_consistent(),
            *final(self).node == *old(self).node,
            old(owner).value.is_absent() && old(parent_owner).level > 1 ==> {
                &&& final(self).node_matching(final(owner).value, *final(parent_owner), *final(self).node)
                &&& final(owner).inv()
            },
            old(owner).value.is_absent() && old(parent_owner).level > 1 ==> {
                &&& res is Some
                &&& final(owner).value.is_node()
                &&& final(owner).level == old(owner).level
                &&& final(owner).value.parent_level == old(owner).value.parent_level
                &&& final(guards).lock_held(final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self())
                &&& final(owner).value.node().relate_guard(res->0)
                &&& final(owner).value.path == old(owner).value.path
                &&& final(owner).value.metaregion_sound(*final(regions))
                &&& OwnerSubtree::implies(
                    CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked(*old(guards)),
                    CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked_except(*final(guards), final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self()))
                &&& Self::metaregion_sound_neq_preserved(old(owner).value, final(owner).value, *old(regions), *final(regions))
                &&& Self::path_tracked_pred_preserved(*old(regions), *final(regions))
                &&& old(regions).slots.contains_key(frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr()->0))
                &&& final(owner).tree_predicate_map(final(owner).value.path,
                    CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked_except(*final(guards), final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self()))
                &&& final(owner).tree_predicate_map(final(owner).value.path, PageTableOwner::<C>::metaregion_sound_pred(*final(regions)))
                &&& final(owner).tree_predicate_map(final(owner).value.path, PageTableOwner::<C>::path_tracked_pred(*final(regions)))
                &&& PageTableOwner(*final(owner)).view_rec(final(owner).value.path) == set![]
                // All children of the newly allocated node are absent (empty PT node).
                &&& forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                    #[trigger] final(owner).children[i] is Some && final(owner).children[i]->0.value.is_absent()
                // Children's paths are rebased onto the cursor path. Required by
                // `pt_edge_at` for the freshly-allocated node, since the bare
                // `allocated_empty_node_owner` from `PageTableNode::alloc` uses
                // an empty parent path and `alloc_if_none` rewrites that path to
                // the cursor path; without rebasing the children, their paths
                // would be `[i]` rather than `cursor_path.push_tail(i)`.
                &&& forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                    (#[trigger] final(owner).children[i])->0.value.path
                        == final(owner).value.path.push_tail(i as usize)
                // Grandchildren are all None (from `PageTableNode::alloc`'s
                // `allocated_empty_node_grandchildren_none` ensures; the path
                // rebasing leaves grandchildren untouched).
                &&& crate::specs::mm::page_table::allocated_empty_node_grandchildren_none(*final(owner))
                // Other child fields preserved from `allocated_empty_node_owner`.
                &&& forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                    (#[trigger] final(owner).children[i])->0.value.parent_level
                        == final(owner).value.node().level
                &&& forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                    (#[trigger] final(owner).children[i])->0.value.match_pte(
                        final(owner).value.node().children_perm.value()[i],
                        final(owner).children[i]->0.value.parent_level)
                // slot_owners unchanged for all indices except the new PT node's index.
                &&& forall|i: usize| i != frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr()->0) ==>
                    (#[trigger] final(regions).slot_owners[i]) == old(regions).slot_owners[i]
                // slots keys: the new PT node was removed then re-inserted, so all old keys preserved.
                &&& forall|i: usize| old(regions).slots.contains_key(i)
                    ==> (#[trigger] final(regions).slots.contains_key(i))
                &&& forall|i: usize| #![trigger final(regions).slots[i]]
                    i != frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr()->0)
                        && old(regions).slots.contains_key(i)
                    ==> final(regions).slots[i] == old(regions).slots[i]
                // The new PT node's ref_count is not UNUSED (was set to 1 by get_from_unused).
                &&& final(regions).slot_owners[frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr()->0)]
                    .inner_perms.ref_count.value() != REF_COUNT_UNUSED
                // The allocated slot had ref_count == UNUSED before allocation (from get_from_unused).
                &&& old(regions).slot_owners[frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap())]
                    .inner_perms.ref_count.value() == REF_COUNT_UNUSED
                // Allocator pool is disjoint from MMIO ranges (from `PageTableNode::alloc`).
                &&& !crate::specs::mm::frame::meta_owners::is_mmio_paddr(
                    final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap())
            },
            !old(owner).value.is_absent() ==> {
                &&& res is None
                &&& *final(owner) == *old(owner)
            },
            forall |i: usize| old(guards).lock_held(i) ==> final(guards).lock_held(i),
            forall |i: usize| old(guards).unlocked(i) && i != final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self() ==> final(guards).unlocked(i),
    )]
    #[verifier::spinoff_prover]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn alloc_if_none<A: InAtomicMode>(&mut self, guard: &'rcu A) -> Option<
        PageTableGuard<'rcu, C>,
    > {
        let entry_is_present = self.pte.is_present();
        // For restoring `count_consistent` after adding the child below.
        let ghost cp0 = parent_owner.children_perm.value();

        let tracked parent_meta_perm = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
            parent_owner.slot_index,
        );
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm))]
        let level = self.node.level();

        if entry_is_present || level <= 1 {
            None
        } else {
            let ghost old_path = owner.value.path;
            let ghost old_owner_val = owner.value;

            proof {
                // `nr_children < NR_ENTRIES` (needed below so the `+ 1`
                // increment yields a valid count). Established PRE-`alloc` while
                // the parent slot at `self.idx` is still absent and
                // `count_consistent` holds (from `metaregion_sound_node`).
                // `alloc`/`write_pte` preserve `parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children`,
                // so the bound persists to the increment.
                parent_owner.nr_children_absent_slot_bound(self.idx);
            }

            // Snapshot the parent's slot perm + nr_children-id clause while
            // `metaregion_sound_node` still fully holds (count consistent,
            // nothing mutated). The `+ 1`'s `read` below needs the id clause,
            // but by then `count_consistent` is momentarily broken; we frame
            // the clause forward instead of re-deriving it from a false
            // predicate.
            let ghost regions_pre = *regions;
            let ghost pre_meta_perm = parent_owner.meta_perm_of(*regions);

            proof_decl! {
                let tracked mut new_node_owner: Tracked<OwnerSubtree<C>>;
            }

            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(regions), Tracked(guards), Ghost(self.idx) => Tracked(new_node_owner))]
            let new_page = PageTableNode::<C>::alloc(level - 1);

            proof {
                let pte = C::E::new_pt_spec(
                    meta_to_frame(new_node_owner.value.node().meta_addr_self()),
                );
                old(parent_owner).set_children_perm_axiom(self.idx, pte);
                C::E::lemma_page_table_entry_properties();
            }

            let ghost new_node_slot_idx = new_node_owner.value.node().slot_index;
            let tracked new_node_slot_perm = regions.slots.tracked_borrow(new_node_slot_idx);
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(new_node_slot_perm))]
            let paddr = new_page.start_paddr();

            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(&mut new_node_owner.value), Tracked(regions))]
            let new_pte = Child::PageTable(new_page).into_pte();
            self.pte = new_pte;

            proof {
                broadcast use group_page_meta;

            }

            let pt_ref = unsafe {
                #[verus_spec(with Tracked(regions))]
                PageTableNodeRef::borrow_paddr(paddr)
            };

            // Lock before writing the PTE, so no one else can operate on it.
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(&new_node_owner.value.tracked_borrow_node()), Tracked(guards))]
            let mut pt_lock_guard = pt_ref.lock(guard);

            // SAFETY:
            //  1. The index is within the bounds.
            //  2. The new PTE is a child in `C` and at the correct paging level.
            //  3. The ownership of the child is passed to the page table node.
            unsafe {
                #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(&*regions))]
                self.node.write_pte(self.idx, self.pte)
            };

            proof {
                // `count_consistent` is momentarily broken between `alloc` (which
                // set the parent's PTE present via `set_children_perm`) and the
                // `+ 1` below, so the full `metaregion_sound_node` doesn't hold
                // here. But its id clause — all `nr_children_mut`/`read` need — is
                // frame-stable, so we transfer it from the pre-`alloc` snapshot:
                //  - `meta_own` is preserved by `set_children_perm`/`write_pte`.
                //  - the parent slot (`!= child slot`, since the parent is a live
                //    node with `rc != UNUSED` while the child slot was `UNUSED`)
                //    is preserved by `alloc` (`get_from_unused`/`reparked` only
                //    touch the child slot) and by `write_pte` (regions immutable),
                //    so `meta_perm_of` — a deterministic `new_spec(slots[idx],
                //    inner_perms)` — is structurally unchanged.
            }

            let tracked parent_meta_perm2 = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
                parent_owner.slot_index,
            );
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm2))]
            let nr_children = self.node.nr_children_mut();
            let _tmp = nr_children.read(Tracked(&parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children));
            nr_children.write(Tracked(&mut parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children), _tmp + 1);

            proof {
                // For `final(owner).inv()`'s `child.level == self.level + 1`:
                // the grafted children carry `new_node_owner.level + 1`, and
                // `owner.level` is unchanged. The fresh node's depth equals
                // `owner.level` (from `allocated_empty_node_owner` + the
                // `owner.level + parent_owner.level == INC_LEVELS` precond), so
                // the grafted children's levels line up with `owner.level + 1`.
                owner.value = new_node_owner.value;
                owner.value.parent_level = level as PagingLevel;
                owner.value.path = old_path;
                owner.children = new_node_owner.children;
                // Rebase children's paths from `[i]` (rooted at empty) onto
                // the cursor path `old_path` so `pt_edge_at`'s
                // `child.path == parent.path.push_tail(i)` holds.
                crate::specs::mm::page_table::rebase_freshly_allocated_children(owner, old_path);

                let new_paddr = owner.value.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap();
                regions.inv_implies_correct_addr(new_paddr);
                let new_idx = frame_to_index(new_paddr);
                let tracked mut new_meta_slot = regions.slot_owners.tracked_remove(new_idx);
                new_meta_slot.paths_in_pt = set![owner.value.path];
                regions.slot_owners.tracked_insert(new_idx, new_meta_slot);
            }

            proof {
                // Restore the parent's `count_consistent`: the slot at `self.idx`
                // went absent → present (the new PT node) and `nr_children` was
                // incremented by 1.
                crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::lemma_count_present_upto_update(
                    cp0,
                    NR_ENTRIES as int,
                    self.idx as int,
                    self.pte,
                );
            }

            proof {
                // Discharge the region-preservation + fresh-node
                // `tree_predicate_map` conjuncts of the big `is_absent` ensures
                // block.
                broadcast use crate::specs::mm::frame::meta_owners::axiom_mmio_usage_iff_mmio_paddr;
                // (a) Region predicates preserved off the new node's slot: the
                // install only touches `new_idx`. (Mirrors `replace`.)
                // (b) `tree_predicate_map` over the fresh node: each predicate
                // holds at the node root and trivially at the absent children
                // (which have `None` grandchildren), via
                // `fresh_node_tree_predicate_map`.

                let ghost new_node_addr = owner.value.node().meta_addr_self();
                let f_nu = CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked_except(*guards, new_node_addr);
                let f_ms = PageTableOwner::<C>::metaregion_sound_pred(*regions);
                let f_pt = PageTableOwner::<C>::path_tracked_pred(*regions);

                // Root predicates.

                // Child predicates (absent children ⟹ trivial).
                assert forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES implies {
                    &&& #[trigger] f_nu(
                        owner.children[i].unwrap().value,
                        owner.value.path.push_tail(i as usize),
                    )
                    &&& f_ms(
                        owner.children[i].unwrap().value,
                        owner.value.path.push_tail(i as usize),
                    )
                    &&& f_pt(
                        owner.children[i].unwrap().value,
                        owner.value.path.push_tail(i as usize),
                    )
                } by {};

                crate::specs::mm::page_table::fresh_node_tree_predicate_map(
                    *owner,
                    owner.value.path,
                    f_nu,
                );
                crate::specs::mm::page_table::fresh_node_tree_predicate_map(
                    *owner,
                    owner.value.path,
                    f_ms,
                );
                crate::specs::mm::page_table::fresh_node_tree_predicate_map(
                    *owner,
                    owner.value.path,
                    f_pt,
                );
            }

            Some(pt_lock_guard)
        }
    }

    /// Splits the entry to smaller pages if it maps to a huge page.
    ///
    /// If the entry does map to a huge page, it is split into smaller pages
    /// mapped by a child page table node. The new child page table node
    /// is returned.
    ///
    /// If the entry does not map to a untracked huge page, the method returns
    /// `None`.
    /// # Verified Properties
    /// ## Preconditions
    /// - **Safety Invariants**: The old node's root must satisfy the safety invariants for an [Entry](Entry::invariants)
    /// and the caller must provide its parent node owner.
    /// ## Postconditions
    /// - **Safety Invariants**: The node allocated in place of the split page satisfies the safety invariants.
    /// - **Safety**: All other nodes have their invariants preserved.
    #[verifier::spinoff_prover]
    #[verifier::rlimit(infinity)]
    #[verus_spec(res =>
        with Tracked(owner) : Tracked<&mut OwnerSubtree<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&mut NodeOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(regions): Tracked<&mut MetaRegionOwners>,
             Tracked(guards): Tracked<&mut Guards<'rcu>>
        requires
            old(regions).inv(),
            old(owner).inv(),
            old(self).wf(old(owner).value),
            old(parent_owner).relate_guard(*old(self).node),
            old(parent_owner).inv(),
            old(parent_owner).level == old(owner).value.parent_level,
            old(parent_owner).level < NR_LEVELS,
            old(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*old(regions)),
            // Frame entries being split must have `metaregion_sound` for
            // their slot — provides `regions.slots.contains_key(pa_idx)` and
            // ref_count facts at the parent slot itself (j = 0 case in the
            // split loop's invariant). Without this, those facts can't be
            // re-established after alloc.
            old(owner).value.is_frame() && old(parent_owner).level > 1 ==>
                old(owner).value.metaregion_sound(*old(regions)),
            // Sub-page validity for huge-page split: each 4KB sub-page slot must
            // exist; non-MMIO sub-pages must additionally have `rc != UNUSED`.
            // (MMIO sub-pages keep `usage == MMIO` and `rc == UNUSED`.)
            old(owner).value.is_frame() && old(parent_owner).level > 1 ==>
                forall |j: usize| #![trigger frame_to_index(
                    (old(owner).value.frame().mapped_pa
                        + j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize)]
                    0 < j < page_size(old(parent_owner).level) / PAGE_SIZE ==> {
                    let sub_idx = frame_to_index(
                        (old(owner).value.frame().mapped_pa
                            + j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize);
                    &&& old(regions).slots.contains_key(sub_idx)
                    &&& old(regions).slot_owners[sub_idx].usage !is MMIO ==>
                        old(regions).slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value()
                            != REF_COUNT_UNUSED
                },
        ensures
            old(owner).value.is_frame() && old(parent_owner).level > 1 ==> {
                &&& res is Some
                &&& final(owner).value.is_node()
                &&& final(owner).level == old(owner).level
                &&& final(parent_owner).relate_guard(*final(self).node)
                &&& final(owner).value.node().relate_guard(res->0)
                &&& final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self() == res->0.inner.inner@.ptr.addr()
                &&& final(guards).lock_held(res->0.inner.inner@.ptr.addr())
                // All children of the new node subtree are frames with the same prop (from the split loop).
                &&& forall |j: int| 0 <= j < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                    (#[trigger] final(owner).children[j])->0.value.is_frame()
                &&& forall |j: int| 0 <= j < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                    (#[trigger] final(owner).children[j])->0.value.frame().prop
                        == old(owner).value.frame().prop
                &&& final(owner).value.path == old(owner).value.path
                &&& final(owner).value.metaregion_sound(*final(regions))
                &&& OwnerSubtree::implies(
                    CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked(*old(guards)),
                    CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked(*final(guards)))
                &&& OwnerSubtree::implies(
                    PageTableOwner::<C>::metaregion_sound_pred(*old(regions)),
                    PageTableOwner::<C>::metaregion_sound_pred(*final(regions)))
                &&& final(owner).tree_predicate_map(final(owner).value.path,
                    CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked(*final(guards)))
                &&& final(owner).tree_predicate_map(final(owner).value.path,
                    PageTableOwner::<C>::metaregion_sound_pred(*final(regions)))
            },
            !old(owner).value.is_frame() || old(parent_owner).level <= 1 ==> {
                &&& res is None
                &&& *final(owner) == *old(owner)
            },
            final(owner).inv(),
            final(owner).value.parent_level == old(owner).value.parent_level,
            final(self).idx == old(self).idx,
            old(owner).value.is_frame() && old(parent_owner).level > 1 ==>
                final(self).node_matching(final(owner).value, *final(parent_owner), *final(self).node),
            final(regions).inv(),
            final(parent_owner).inv(),
            final(parent_owner).level == old(parent_owner).level,
            final(self).node.inner.inner@.ptr.addr() == old(self).node.inner.inner@.ptr.addr(),
            forall |i: usize| old(guards).lock_held(i) ==> final(guards).lock_held(i),
            forall |i: usize| old(guards).unlocked(i) ==> final(guards).unlocked(i),
            // slot_owners unchanged for all indices except the new PT node's index.
            old(owner).value.is_frame() && old(parent_owner).level > 1 ==> {
                &&& forall|i: usize| i != frame_to_index(meta_to_frame(final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self())) ==>
                    (#[trigger] final(regions).slot_owners[i]) == old(regions).slot_owners[i]
                // slots keys preserved (alloc removes then borrow re-inserts).
                &&& forall|i: usize| old(regions).slots.contains_key(i)
                    ==> (#[trigger] final(regions).slots.contains_key(i))
                // The new PT node's ref_count is not UNUSED.
                &&& final(regions).slot_owners[frame_to_index(meta_to_frame(final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self()))]
                    .inner_perms.ref_count.value() != REF_COUNT_UNUSED
                // The allocated slot had ref_count == UNUSED before allocation.
                &&& old(regions).slot_owners[frame_to_index(meta_to_frame(final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self()))]
                    .inner_perms.ref_count.value() == REF_COUNT_UNUSED
            },
            // Parent's other PTEs are preserved: only the entry at self.idx
            // is overwritten (with the new PT pointer). Lets callers re-derive
            // `inv_children_rel` for the unchanged children when restoring the
            // parent NodeOwner into the cursor's continuation.
            old(owner).value.is_frame() && old(parent_owner).level > 1 ==>
                forall|j: int| 0 <= j < NR_ENTRIES && j != old(self).idx ==>
                    #[trigger] final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[j]
                        == old(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[j],
    )]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn split_if_mapped_huge<A: InAtomicMode>(&mut self, guard: &'rcu A) -> Option<
        PageTableGuard<'rcu, C>,
    > {
        let tracked parent_meta_perm = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
            parent_owner.slot_index,
        );
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm))]
        let level = self.node.level();

        if !(self.pte.is_last(level) && level > 1) {
            return None;
        }
        let pa = self.pte.paddr();
        let prop = self.pte.prop();

        proof {
            EntryOwner::last_pte_implies_frame_match(owner.value, self.pte, level);
        }

        proof_decl!{
            let tracked mut new_owner: OwnerSubtree<C>;
        }

        // alloc takes the NEW NODE level (level - 1, one below the cursor's
        // level which is `level`). Convention: alloc(M) produces node.level=M.
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(regions), Tracked(guards), Ghost(self.idx) => Tracked(new_owner))]
        let new_page = PageTableNode::<C>::alloc(level - 1);

        let ghost new_owner_slot_idx = new_owner.value.node().slot_index;
        let tracked new_owner_slot_perm = regions.slots.tracked_borrow(new_owner_slot_idx);
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(new_owner_slot_perm))]
        let paddr = new_page.start_paddr();

        proof {
            broadcast use group_page_meta;

        }

        let pt_ref = unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(regions))]
            PageTableNodeRef::borrow_paddr(paddr)
        };

        // Lock before writing the PTE, so no one else can operate on it.
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(&new_owner.value.tracked_borrow_node()), Tracked(guards))]
        let mut pt_lock_guard = pt_ref.lock(guard);

        let ghost children_perm = new_owner.value.node().children_perm;
        let ghost new_owner_path = new_owner.value.path;
        let ghost new_owner_meta_addr = new_owner.value.node().meta_addr_self();

        proof {
            // Carry the huge frame's slot facts (the precondition's
            // `metaregion_sound`/`frame_sub_pages_valid`, stated about
            // `old(regions)`) across `alloc` to post-alloc `regions`,
            // establishing the split loop's j=0 and sub-page invariants.
            //
            // `alloc` (get_node_from_unused_spec + slot_perm_reparked_spec) only
            // mutates the freshly-allocated node's slot `new_idx`; the huge
            // frame's own slot and every sub-page slot is distinct from
            // `new_idx`: non-MMIO slots have `rc != UNUSED` while `new_idx` was
            // UNUSED pre-alloc; MMIO slots are `is_mmio` while the new node is
            // `!is_mmio`.
            broadcast use crate::specs::mm::frame::mapping::lemma_frame_to_index_injective;
            broadcast use crate::specs::mm::frame::meta_owners::axiom_mmio_usage_iff_mmio_paddr;
            broadcast use group_page_meta;

            let new_idx = frame_to_index(meta_to_frame(new_owner_meta_addr));
            let new_paddr = meta_to_frame(new_owner_meta_addr);
            let nr_pages = page_size(level) / PAGE_SIZE;

            // The huge frame's own slot (j = 0): `usage != PageTable` from the
            // precondition's `metaregion_sound` (frame arm), preserved across
            // `alloc` because `frame_to_index(pa) != new_idx`.
            let pa_idx = frame_to_index(pa);
            assert(pa_idx != new_idx) by {
                if old(regions).slot_owners[pa_idx].usage
                    == crate::specs::mm::frame::meta_owners::PageUsage::MMIO {
                    old(regions).inv_implies_correct_addr(pa);
                } else {
                    // metaregion_sound frame arm: non-MMIO ⟹ rc != UNUSED.
                }
            };

            // Sub-pages (j > 0): `frame_sub_pages_valid` facts, preserved.
            assert forall|j: usize|
                #![trigger frame_to_index((pa + j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize)]
                0 < j < nr_pages implies {
                let sub_idx = frame_to_index((pa + j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize);
                &&& regions.slots.contains_key(sub_idx)
                &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].usage
                    != crate::specs::mm::frame::meta_owners::PageUsage::PageTable
                &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].usage
                    != crate::specs::mm::frame::meta_owners::PageUsage::MMIO ==> {
                    &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value()
                        != REF_COUNT_UNUSED
                    &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value() > 0
                    &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value() <= REF_COUNT_MAX
                }
            } by {
                let sub_idx = frame_to_index((pa + j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize);
                assert(sub_idx != new_idx) by {
                    if old(regions).slot_owners[sub_idx].usage
                        == crate::specs::mm::frame::meta_owners::PageUsage::MMIO {
                        old(regions).inv_implies_correct_addr((pa + j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize);
                    } else {
                        // non-MMIO sub-page ⟹ rc != UNUSED ⟹ != new_idx.
                    }
                };
            };
        }

        for i in 0..nr_subpage_per_huge::<C>()
            invariant
                1 < level < NR_LEVELS,
                owner.inv(),
                owner.value.is_frame(),
                owner.value.parent_level == level,
                owner.value.frame().mapped_pa == pa,
                owner.value.frame().prop == prop,
                pa == old(owner).value.frame().mapped_pa,
                level == old(parent_owner).level,
                pa % page_size(level) == 0,
                pa + page_size(level) <= MAX_PADDR,
                regions.inv(),
                // Canonical model: the freshly-allocated node carries its
                // pending-Drop obligation across the per-child `replace`
                // calls (each net-zero on the ledger), discharging the
                // `into_pte` consume after the loop.
                regions.frame_obligations.count(frame_to_index(meta_to_frame(new_owner_meta_addr)))
                    > 0,
                parent_owner.inv(),
                new_owner.value.is_node(),
                new_owner.inv(),
                new_owner.value.path == new_owner_path,
                new_owner.value.node().meta_addr_self() == new_owner_meta_addr,
                new_owner.value.node().relate_guard(pt_lock_guard),
                guards.lock_held(new_owner_meta_addr),
                new_owner.value.node().level == (level - 1) as PagingLevel,
                forall|j: int|
                    #![auto]
                    0 <= j < NR_ENTRIES ==> {
                        &&& new_owner.children[j] is Some
                        &&& new_owner.children[j].unwrap().value.match_pte(
                            new_owner.value.node().children_perm.value()[j],
                            new_owner.value.node().level,
                        )
                        &&& new_owner.children[j].unwrap().value.parent_level
                            == new_owner.value.node().level
                        &&& new_owner.children[j].unwrap().value.inv()
                        &&& new_owner.children[j].unwrap().value.path == new_owner_path.push_tail(
                            j as usize,
                        )
                    },
                forall|j: int|
                    #![auto]
                    i <= j < NR_ENTRIES ==> {
                        &&& new_owner.children[j].unwrap().value.is_absent()
                        &&& new_owner.value.node().children_perm.value()[j]
                            == C::E::new_absent_spec()
                    },
                // Children [0, i) have been replaced with frames.
                forall|j: int|
                    #![auto]
                    0 <= j < i ==> { new_owner.children[j].unwrap().value.is_frame() },
                // Sub-page slots (4KB-grained, j > 0): slots.contains_key is unconditional;
                // rc constraints apply only to non-MMIO sub-pages (MMIO sub-pages keep
                // `usage == MMIO` and `rc == UNUSED`).
                forall|j: usize|
                    #![trigger frame_to_index(
                    (pa + j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize)]
                    0 < j < page_size(level) / PAGE_SIZE ==> {
                        let sub_idx = frame_to_index((pa + j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize);
                        &&& regions.slots.contains_key(sub_idx)
                        &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].usage !is PageTable
                        &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].usage !is MMIO ==> {
                            &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value()
                                != REF_COUNT_UNUSED
                            &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value() > 0
                            &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value()
                                <= REF_COUNT_MAX
                        }
                    },
                // j = 0: the huge frame's own slot.
                regions.slots.contains_key(frame_to_index(pa)),
                regions.slot_owners[frame_to_index(pa)].usage !is PageTable,
                regions.slot_owners[frame_to_index(pa)].usage !is MMIO ==> {
                    &&& regions.slot_owners[frame_to_index(pa)].inner_perms.ref_count.value()
                        != REF_COUNT_UNUSED
                    &&& regions.slot_owners[frame_to_index(pa)].inner_perms.ref_count.value() > 0
                    &&& regions.slot_owners[frame_to_index(pa)].inner_perms.ref_count.value()
                        <= REF_COUNT_MAX
                },
                new_page.ptr.addr() == new_owner_meta_addr,
                new_owner.value.node().metaregion_sound_node(*regions),
                // The new node's own-slot rc + paths_in_pt — the only
                // `metaregion_sound` conjuncts not derivable from
                // `metaregion_sound_node` (slot_vaddr/wf derive). Carried so
                // `into_pte`'s `Child::invariants` holds after the loop.
                regions.slot_owners[frame_to_index(
                    meta_to_frame(new_owner_meta_addr),
                )].inner_perms.ref_count.value() != REF_COUNT_UNUSED,
                0 < regions.slot_owners[frame_to_index(
                    meta_to_frame(new_owner_meta_addr),
                )].inner_perms.ref_count.value() <= REF_COUNT_MAX,
                regions.slot_owners[frame_to_index(meta_to_frame(new_owner_meta_addr))].paths_in_pt
                    == set![new_owner_path],
        {
            proof {
                C::lemma_page_table_config_constant_properties();
                C::lemma_paging_consts_properties();
                // Prove required facts while we still have new_owner.value.node available.
                let ghost the_node = new_owner.value.node();

                OwnerSubtree::child_some_properties(new_owner, i as usize);
                EntryOwner::huge_frame_split_child_at(owner.value, *regions, i as usize);
            }

            let small_pa = pa + i * page_size(level - 1);

            let tracked mut child_owner = EntryOwner::tracked_new_frame(
                small_pa,
                new_owner.value.path.push_tail(i as usize),
                (level - 1) as PagingLevel,
                prop,
                /* is_tracked */
                owner.value.frame().is_tracked,
            );

            let tracked mut new_owner_child = new_owner.children.tracked_remove(
                i as int,
            ).tracked_unwrap();

            proof {
                let idx = frame_to_index(small_pa);
                if i != 0 {
                    let ghost big_j =
                        crate::specs::mm::page_table::cursor::page_size_lemmas::lemma_split_sub_page_big_j(
                    pa, level, i);
                }
                if level - 1 > 1 {
                    let nr_subpages = page_size((level - 1) as PagingLevel) / PAGE_SIZE;
                    crate::specs::mm::page_table::cursor::page_size_lemmas::lemma_page_size_div_mul_eq(
                    (level - 1) as PagingLevel);
                    crate::specs::mm::page_table::cursor::page_size_lemmas::lemma_page_size_div_mul_eq(
                    level);
                    crate::specs::mm::page_table::cursor::page_size_lemmas::lemma_nr_entries_times_sub_page_size(
                    level);
                    assert forall|j_prime: usize|
                        #![trigger frame_to_index((small_pa + j_prime * PAGE_SIZE) as usize)]
                        0 < j_prime < nr_subpages implies {
                        let sub_idx = frame_to_index((small_pa + j_prime * PAGE_SIZE) as usize);
                        &&& regions.slots.contains_key(sub_idx)
                        &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].usage !is MMIO ==> {
                            &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value()
                                != REF_COUNT_UNUSED
                            &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value() > 0
                            &&& regions.slot_owners[sub_idx].inner_perms.ref_count.value()
                                <= REF_COUNT_MAX
                        }
                    } by {
                        let sub_pages_per_subframe = page_size((level - 1) as PagingLevel)
                            / PAGE_SIZE;
                        let big_j_int: int = i * sub_pages_per_subframe + j_prime;
                        vstd::arithmetic::mul::lemma_mul_nonnegative(
                            i as int,
                            sub_pages_per_subframe as int,
                        );
                        vstd::arithmetic::mul::lemma_mul_inequality(
                            i + 1,
                            NR_ENTRIES as int,
                            sub_pages_per_subframe as int,
                        );
                        vstd::arithmetic::mul::lemma_mul_is_distributive_add_other_way(
                            sub_pages_per_subframe as int,
                            i as int,
                            1int,
                        );
                        vstd::arithmetic::mul::lemma_mul_is_associative(
                            NR_ENTRIES as int,
                            sub_pages_per_subframe as int,
                            PAGE_SIZE as int,
                        );
                        vstd::arithmetic::div_mod::lemma_div_by_multiple(
                            NR_ENTRIES * sub_pages_per_subframe,
                            PAGE_SIZE as int,
                        );
                        let big_j: usize = big_j_int as usize;
                        vstd::arithmetic::mul::lemma_mul_is_distributive_add_other_way(
                            PAGE_SIZE as int,
                            i * sub_pages_per_subframe,
                            j_prime as int,
                        );
                        vstd::arithmetic::mul::lemma_mul_is_associative(
                            i as int,
                            sub_pages_per_subframe as int,
                            PAGE_SIZE as int,
                        );
                        assert((small_pa + j_prime * PAGE_SIZE) as usize == (pa + big_j
                            * PAGE_SIZE) as usize);
                        // Fire the established big-frame sub-page forall
                        // (entry.rs:1100) at `j = big_j` by mentioning its trigger
                        // term, so its `usage != MMIO ==> rc <= REF_COUNT_MAX`
                        // carries onto this child sub-page (`sub_idx` equals the
                        // big-frame sub-page index via the correspondence above).
                        assert(regions.slots.contains_key(
                            frame_to_index((pa + big_j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize),
                        ));
                    }
                }
                let small_idx = frame_to_index(small_pa);

                // Instantiate the loop invariant's sub-page forall (or the j=0
                // facts) at small_idx. The new invariant only guarantees the
                // ref_count facts under `usage != MMIO`; matches the new
                // metaregion_sound frame arm shape.
                if i == 0 {
                    // small_pa == pa + 0 * page_size(level-1) == pa.
                    assert(i * page_size((level - 1) as PagingLevel) == 0) by {
                        vstd::arithmetic::mul::lemma_mul_by_zero_is_zero(
                            page_size((level - 1) as PagingLevel) as int,
                        );
                    }
                } else {
                    let ghost big_j =
                        crate::specs::mm::page_table::cursor::page_size_lemmas::lemma_split_sub_page_big_j(
                    pa, level, i);
                    // Trigger the sub-page forall at j = big_j.
                    assert(regions.slots.contains_key(
                        frame_to_index((pa + big_j * PAGE_SIZE) as usize),
                    ));
                }

                // tracked_remove/insert below only touches paths_in_pt.

                regions.inv_implies_correct_addr(small_pa);
                let tracked mut small_slot = regions.slot_owners.tracked_remove(small_idx);
                small_slot.paths_in_pt = small_slot.paths_in_pt.insert(child_owner.path);
                regions.slot_owners.tracked_insert(small_idx, small_slot);

                // Post-insert: ref_count and slots.contains_key are preserved.

                if (level - 1) > 1 {
                }
                let ghost target_idx = frame_to_index(small_pa);
                if i != 0 {
                    let ghost _ =
                        crate::specs::mm::page_table::cursor::page_size_lemmas::lemma_split_sub_page_big_j(
                    pa, level, i);

                }
            }

            // Take the node OUT (vs borrowing in place) to keep Verus's
            // loop-invariant maintenance tracking intact across the per-child
            // `replace`; the in-place `tracked_borrow_mut_node` form loses the
            // new node's own-slot facts at the loop back-edge.
            let tracked mut new_owner_node = new_owner.value.tracked_take_node();
            // Snapshot the node's own-slot facts while the loop invariant still
            // holds (regions unchanged since loop entry), so we can frame them
            // across the `replace` below.
            let ghost nidx = frame_to_index(meta_to_frame(new_owner_meta_addr));
            proof {
                // The loop invariant still holds for the current `regions`
                // (unchanged since entry), so pin the node-slot paths_in_pt fact
                // here for the post-`replace` preservation step to carry forward.
            }
            let ghost regions_pre_replace = *regions;
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(regions),
                Tracked(&mut new_owner_child.value),
                Tracked(&mut child_owner),
                Tracked(&mut new_owner_node))]
            pt_lock_guard.replace_absent_with_frame(i, small_pa, level - 1, prop);

            proof {
                new_owner.value.tracked_put_node(new_owner_node);
                OwnerSubtree::set_value_property(new_owner_child, child_owner);
                new_owner_child.value = child_owner;
                new_owner.children.tracked_insert(i as int, Some(new_owner_child));

                TreePath::push_tail_property_len(new_owner_path, i as usize);
                OwnerSubtree::insert_preserves_inv(new_owner, i as usize, new_owner_child);

                // `replace` of a frame child preserves every slot's `inner_perms`
                // (unconditional) and `paths_in_pt` (non-node child), so the new
                // node's own-slot rc + paths_in_pt are unchanged — re-establish
                // the loop invariant's node-slot clauses for the next iteration.

            }
        }

        proof {
            // Canonical: the loop invariant preserved the alloc-minted
            // obligation at the node's slot; `new_page.ptr.addr()` is that
            // slot's meta address, discharging `into_pte`'s `count > 0`
            // precondition.
        }
        self.pte = (#[verus_spec(with Tracked(&mut new_owner.value), Tracked(regions))]
        Child::PageTable(new_page).into_pte());

        proof {
            new_owner.level = owner.level;
            *owner = new_owner;
        }

        // SAFETY:
        //  1. The index is within the bounds.
        //  2. The new PTE is a child in `C` and at the correct paging level.
        //  3. The ownership of the child is passed to the page table node.
        unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(owner.value.tracked_borrow_mut_node()), Tracked(&*regions))]
            self.node.write_pte(self.idx, self.pte)
        };

        Some(pt_lock_guard)
    }

    /// Create a new entry at the node with guard.
    ///
    /// # Verified Properties
    /// ## Preconditions
    /// - **Safety**: The caller must provide the owner of the entry and the parent node, and the entry
    /// must match the parent node's PTE at the given index.
    /// - **Safety**: The caller must provide a valid guard permission matching `guard`, and it must be guarding the
    /// correct parent.
    /// ## Postconditions
    /// - **Correctness**: The resulting entry matches the owner.
    /// ## Safety
    /// - The precondition ensures that the index is within the bounds of the node.
    /// - This function does not modify the actual entry or any other relevant structure, so it is safe to call.
    /// Because we also require the guard to be correct, it will be safe to use the resulting `Entry` as a handle to the
    /// underlying `PTE`.
    #[verus_spec(res =>
        with Tracked(owner): Tracked<&EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&NodeOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(regions): Tracked<&MetaRegionOwners>,
        requires
            owner.inv(),
            parent_owner.inv(),
            parent_owner.relate_guard(*guard),
            idx < NR_ENTRIES,
            owner.match_pte(parent_owner.children_perm.value()[idx as int], owner.parent_level),
            regions.inv(),
            regions.slots.contains_key(parent_owner.slot_index),
        ensures
            res.wf(*owner),
            res.idx == idx,
            parent_owner.relate_guard(*res.node),
            // Pinpoint the reborrow: the Entry's node is exactly the guard
            // we were handed in, so callers get `*res.node == *old(guard)`.
            *res.node == *old(guard),
            *final(guard) == *final(res.node),
    )]
    pub(in crate::mm) unsafe fn new_at(guard: &'a mut PageTableGuard<'rcu, C>, idx: usize) -> Self {
        // SAFETY: The index is within the bound.
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(regions))]
        let pte = guard.read_pte(idx);
        Self::new(pte, idx, guard)
    }
}

#[verus_verify]
impl<'rcu, C: PageTableConfig> PageTableGuard<'rcu, C> {
    #[verus_spec(res =>
        with Tracked(owner): Tracked<&mut EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&mut NodeOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(regions): Tracked<&MetaRegionOwners>,
        requires
            old(owner).inv(),
            old(owner).is_frame(),
            old(owner).match_pte(
                old(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[idx as int],
                old(owner).parent_level,
            ),
            old(parent_owner).inv(),
            old(parent_owner).relate_guard(*old(self)),
            old(parent_owner).level == old(owner).parent_level,
            old(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*regions),
            idx < NR_ENTRIES,
            op.requires((old(owner).frame().prop,)),
            regions.inv(),
            regions.slots.contains_key(old(parent_owner).slot_index),
            forall|pa: Paddr, level: PagingLevel, p_in: PageProperty, p_out: PageProperty|
                #![auto]
                op.ensures((p_in,), p_out) ==> C::tracked(C::item_from_raw_spec(pa, level, p_out))
                    == C::tracked(C::item_from_raw_spec(pa, level, p_in)),
        ensures
            final(owner).inv(),
            final(owner).is_frame(),
            final(owner).match_pte(res, final(parent_owner).level),
            final(owner).match_pte(
                final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[idx as int],
                final(parent_owner).level,
            ),
            res == final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[idx as int],
            final(parent_owner).inv(),
            final(parent_owner).slot_index == old(parent_owner).slot_index,
            final(parent_owner).level == old(parent_owner).level,
            final(parent_owner).tree_level == old(parent_owner).tree_level,
            final(parent_owner).meta_own.nr_children.id() == old(parent_owner).meta_own.nr_children.id(),
            final(parent_owner).meta_own.stray == old(parent_owner).meta_own.stray,
            final(parent_owner).relate_guard(*final(self)),
            final(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*regions),
            final(owner).frame().mapped_pa == old(owner).frame().mapped_pa,
            final(owner).frame().is_tracked == old(owner).frame().is_tracked,
            final(owner).path == old(owner).path,
            final(owner).parent_level == old(owner).parent_level,
            forall|j: int| 0 <= j < NR_ENTRIES && j != idx ==>
                #[trigger] final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[j]
                    == old(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[j],
            // Only a present PTE's `prop` changed, so the present-count — and
            // hence `count_consistent` — is unchanged for the caller.
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::count_present(
                final(parent_owner).children_perm.value(),
            ) == crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::count_present(
                old(parent_owner).children_perm.value(),
            ),
            op.ensures((old(owner).frame().prop,), final(owner).frame().prop),
            *final(self) == *old(self),
    )]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn protect_child(
        &mut self,
        idx: usize,
        op: impl FnOnce(PageProperty) -> PageProperty,
    ) -> C::E {
        let ghost cp_old = parent_owner.children_perm.value();
        let mut pte = unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(&*parent_owner), Tracked(regions))]
            self.read_pte(idx)
        };

        let prop = pte.prop();
        let new_prop = op(prop);

        assume(pte.set_prop_req(new_prop));
        pte.set_prop(new_prop);

        unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(regions))]
            self.write_pte(idx, pte)
        };

        proof {
            owner.tracked_borrow_mut_frame().prop = new_prop;
            // The PTE at `idx` stayed present (only `prop` changed), so the
            // present-count is unchanged by the `write_pte` update — preserving
            // `count_consistent` for the caller.
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::lemma_count_present_upto_update(
                cp_old,
                NR_ENTRIES as int,
                idx as int,
                pte,
            );
        }

        pte
    }

    #[verifier::spinoff_prover]
    #[verus_spec(res =>
        with Tracked(regions) : Tracked<&mut MetaRegionOwners>,
             Tracked(owner): Tracked<&mut EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(new_owner): Tracked<&mut EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&mut NodeOwner<C>>,
        requires
            old(owner).inv(),
            old(owner).metaregion_sound(*old(regions)),
            old(owner).match_pte(
                old(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[idx as int],
                old(owner).parent_level,
            ),
            old(parent_owner).inv(),
            old(parent_owner).relate_guard(*old(self)),
            old(parent_owner).level == old(owner).parent_level,
            idx < NR_ENTRIES,
            old(regions).inv(),
            old(regions).slots.contains_key(old(parent_owner).slot_index),
            new_child.invariants(*old(new_owner), *old(regions)),
            old(owner).path == old(new_owner).path,
            old(owner).parent_level == old(new_owner).parent_level,
            old(new_owner).is_node() ==> {
                &&& old(regions).slots.contains_key(frame_to_index(old(new_owner).meta_slot_paddr()->0))
                &&& old(regions).slot_owners[frame_to_index(
                    old(new_owner).meta_slot_paddr()->0,
                )].inner_perms.ref_count.value() != REF_COUNT_UNUSED
            },
            old(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*old(regions)),
            new_child matches Child::PageTable(node) ==> old(regions).frame_obligations.count(
                frame_to_index(meta_to_frame(node.ptr.addr())),
            ) > 0,
        ensures
            res.invariants(*final(owner), *final(regions)),
            final(new_owner).inv(),
            final(new_owner).metaregion_sound(*final(regions)),
            final(new_owner).match_pte(
                final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[idx as int],
                final(parent_owner).level,
            ),
            final(new_owner).path == old(new_owner).path,
            final(new_owner).parent_level == old(new_owner).parent_level,
            *final(owner) == old(owner).from_pte_owner_spec(),
            *final(new_owner) == old(new_owner).into_pte_owner_spec(),
            Entry::<C>::metaregion_sound_neq_preserved(
                *old(owner),
                *final(new_owner),
                *old(regions),
                *final(regions),
            ),
            !final(new_owner).is_node() ==> Entry::<C>::metaregion_sound_neq_old_preserved(
                *old(owner),
                *old(regions),
                *final(regions),
            ),
            (!old(owner).is_node() && !final(new_owner).is_node())
                ==> Entry::<C>::metaregion_sound_preserved(*old(regions), *final(regions)),
            final(new_owner).is_node() && !final(new_owner).is_absent() ==> PageTableOwner::<
                C,
            >::path_tracked_pred(*final(regions))(*final(new_owner), final(new_owner).path),
            final(parent_owner).inv(),
            final(parent_owner).level == old(parent_owner).level,
            final(parent_owner).relate_guard(*final(self)),
            final(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*final(regions)),
            forall|j: int| 0 <= j < NR_ENTRIES && j != idx ==>
                #[trigger] final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[j]
                    == old(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[j],
            forall|slot: usize|
                #![trigger final(regions).slot_owners[slot].paths_in_pt]
                (!final(new_owner).is_node() || final(new_owner).is_absent() || slot
                    != frame_to_index(final(new_owner).meta_slot_paddr()->0))
                    ==> final(regions).slot_owners[slot].paths_in_pt == old(
                    regions,
                ).slot_owners[slot].paths_in_pt,
            forall|k: usize|
                old(regions).slots.contains_key(k) ==> #[trigger] final(regions).slots.contains_key(
                    k,
                ),
            forall|slot: usize|
                #![trigger final(regions).slot_owners[slot].inner_perms.ref_count.value()]
                final(regions).slot_owners[slot].inner_perms.ref_count.value() == old(
                    regions,
                ).slot_owners[slot].inner_perms.ref_count.value(),
            forall|slot: usize|
                #![trigger final(regions).slot_owners[slot].inner_perms]
                final(regions).slot_owners[slot].inner_perms == old(
                    regions,
                ).slot_owners[slot].inner_perms,
            final(regions).slots == old(regions).slots,
            (!old(owner).is_node() && !final(new_owner).is_node()) ==> {
                &&& final(regions).slots == old(regions).slots
                &&& forall|i: usize|
                    #![trigger final(regions).slot_owners[i]]
                    final(regions).slot_owners[i] == old(
                        regions,
                    ).slot_owners[i]
                &&& final(regions).frame_obligations == old(regions).frame_obligations
            },
            (old(owner).is_absent() && !final(new_owner).is_node()) ==> forall|k: usize|
                old(regions).slots.contains_key(k) ==> old(regions).slots[k]
                    == #[trigger] final(regions).slots[k],
            Entry::<C>::replace_nonpanic_condition(*old(parent_owner), *old(new_owner)),
            *final(self) == *old(self),
    )]
    #[verifier::spinoff_prover]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn replace_child(&mut self, idx: usize, new_child: Child<C>) -> Child<C> {
        #[cfg(feature = "allow_panic")]
        {
            let guard_level = self.level();
            match &new_child {
                Child::PageTable(node) => {
                    assert!(node.level() == guard_level - 1);
                },
                Child::Frame(_, level, _) => {
                    assert!(*level == guard_level);
                },
                Child::None => {},
            }
        }

        let pte = unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(&*parent_owner), Tracked(&*regions))]
            self.read_pte(idx)
        };

        let tracked parent_meta_perm = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
            parent_owner.slot_index,
        );
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm))]
        let level = self.level();

        let old_child = unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(regions), Tracked(owner))]
            Child::from_pte(pte, level)
        };

        // For restoring `count_consistent` after the PTE swap below.
        let ghost cp0 = parent_owner.children_perm.value();

        if old_child.is_none() && !new_child.is_none() {
            let tracked parent_meta_perm2 = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
                parent_owner.slot_index,
            );
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm2))]
            let nr_children = self.nr_children_mut();
            let _tmp = nr_children.read(Tracked(&parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children));
            proof {
                parent_owner.nr_children_absent_slot_bound(idx);
            }
            nr_children.write(Tracked(&mut parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children), _tmp + 1);
        } else if !old_child.is_none() && new_child.is_none() {
            let tracked parent_meta_perm3 = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
                parent_owner.slot_index,
            );
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm3))]
            let nr_children = self.nr_children_mut();
            let _tmp = nr_children.read(Tracked(&parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children));
            proof {
                parent_owner.nr_children_present_slot_bound(idx);
            }
            nr_children.write(Tracked(&mut parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children), _tmp - 1);
        }
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(new_owner), Tracked(regions))]
        let new_pte = new_child.into_pte();

        unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(&*regions))]
            self.write_pte(idx, new_pte)
        };

        proof {
            // Restore the parent's `count_consistent`: the slot at `idx`
            // changed present-ness (`old_child` ↔ `new_child`) in lockstep with
            // the `nr_children` +1/-1 above, so `count_present(children_perm)`
            // tracks `nr_children`.
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::lemma_count_present_upto_update(
                cp0,
                NR_ENTRIES as int,
                idx as int,
                new_pte,
            );
        }

        proof {
            if new_owner.is_node() {
                let paddr = new_owner.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap();
                regions.inv_implies_correct_addr(paddr);

                let new_idx = frame_to_index(new_owner.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap());
                let tracked mut new_meta_slot = regions.slot_owners.tracked_remove(new_idx);
                new_meta_slot.paths_in_pt = set![new_owner.path];
                regions.slot_owners.tracked_insert(new_idx, new_meta_slot);
            }
        }

        proof {
            if new_owner.is_node() || new_owner.is_frame() {
                let paddr = new_owner.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap();
                regions.inv_implies_correct_addr(paddr);
            }
        }

        old_child
    }

    #[verifier::spinoff_prover]
    #[verus_spec(res =>
        with Tracked(owner): Tracked<&mut OwnerSubtree<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&mut NodeOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(regions): Tracked<&mut MetaRegionOwners>,
             Tracked(guards): Tracked<&mut Guards<'rcu>>,
        requires
            old(owner).inv(),
            old(owner).value.is_absent(),
            old(owner).level < INC_LEVELS - 1,
            old(owner).value.metaregion_sound(*old(regions)),
            old(parent_owner).inv(),
            old(parent_owner).relate_guard(*old(self)),
            old(parent_owner).level == old(owner).value.parent_level,
            old(parent_owner).level > 1,
            old(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*old(regions)),
            idx < NR_ENTRIES,
            old(owner).value.match_pte(
                old(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[idx as int],
                old(owner).value.parent_level,
            ),
            old(regions).inv(),
            old(regions).slots.contains_key(old(parent_owner).slot_index),
        ensures
            final(owner).inv(),
            final(owner).value.is_node(),
            final(owner).level == old(owner).level,
            final(owner).value.parent_level == old(owner).value.parent_level,
            final(owner).value.path == old(owner).value.path,
            final(owner).value.metaregion_sound(*final(regions)),
            final(owner).value.node().relate_guard(res),
            final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self() == res.inner.inner@.ptr.addr(),
            final(owner).value.match_pte(
                final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[idx as int],
                final(parent_owner).level,
            ),
            final(guards).lock_held(final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self()),
            OwnerSubtree::implies(
                CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked(*old(guards)),
                CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked_except(*final(guards), final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self())),
            Entry::<C>::metaregion_sound_neq_preserved(
                old(owner).value,
                final(owner).value,
                *old(regions),
                *final(regions),
            ),
            Entry::<C>::path_tracked_pred_preserved(*old(regions), *final(regions)),
            old(regions).slots.contains_key(frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr()->0)),
            final(owner).tree_predicate_map(final(owner).value.path,
                CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked_except(*final(guards), final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self())),
            final(owner).tree_predicate_map(final(owner).value.path, PageTableOwner::<C>::metaregion_sound_pred(*final(regions))),
            final(owner).tree_predicate_map(final(owner).value.path, PageTableOwner::<C>::path_tracked_pred(*final(regions))),
            PageTableOwner(*final(owner)).view_rec(final(owner).value.path) == set![],
            forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                #[trigger] final(owner).children[i] is Some && final(owner).children[i]->0.value.is_absent(),
            forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                (#[trigger] final(owner).children[i])->0.value.path
                    == final(owner).value.path.push_tail(i as usize),
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::allocated_empty_node_grandchildren_none(*final(owner)),
            forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                (#[trigger] final(owner).children[i])->0.value.parent_level
                    == final(owner).value.node().level,
            forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES ==>
                (#[trigger] final(owner).children[i])->0.value.match_pte(
                    final(owner).value.node().children_perm.value()[i],
                    final(owner).children[i]->0.value.parent_level),
            forall|i: usize| i != frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr()->0) ==>
                (#[trigger] final(regions).slot_owners[i]) == old(regions).slot_owners[i],
            forall|i: usize| old(regions).slots.contains_key(i)
                ==> (#[trigger] final(regions).slots.contains_key(i)),
            forall|i: usize| #![trigger final(regions).slots[i]]
                i != frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr()->0)
                    && old(regions).slots.contains_key(i)
                ==> final(regions).slots[i] == old(regions).slots[i],
            final(regions).slot_owners[frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr()->0)]
                .inner_perms.ref_count.value() != REF_COUNT_UNUSED,
            old(regions).slot_owners[frame_to_index(final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap())]
                .inner_perms.ref_count.value() == REF_COUNT_UNUSED,
            !crate::specs::mm::frame::meta_owners::is_mmio_paddr(
                final(owner).value.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap()),
            final(regions).inv(),
            final(parent_owner).inv(),
            final(parent_owner).level == old(parent_owner).level,
            final(parent_owner).relate_guard(*final(self)),
            final(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*final(regions)),
            forall|j: int| 0 <= j < NR_ENTRIES && j != idx ==>
                #[trigger] final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[j]
                    == old(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[j],
            *final(self) == *old(self),
            forall |i: usize| old(guards).lock_held(i) ==> final(guards).lock_held(i),
            forall |i: usize| old(guards).unlocked(i) && i != final(owner).value.node().meta_addr_self() ==> final(guards).unlocked(i),
    )]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn alloc_absent_child<A: InAtomicMode>(
        &mut self,
        idx: usize,
        guard: &'rcu A,
    ) -> PageTableGuard<'rcu, C> {
        let tracked parent_meta_perm = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
            parent_owner.slot_index,
        );
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm))]
        let level = self.level();

        let ghost old_path = owner.value.path;

        // Discharge `nr_children < NR_ENTRIES` PRE-`alloc`, while the parent
        // slot at `idx` is still absent and `count_consistent` holds (from
        // `metaregion_sound_node`). Snapshot the parent meta perm so the
        // `nr_children` id-clause can be framed across `alloc`/`write_pte`,
        // which momentarily break `count_consistent`.
        proof {
            parent_owner.nr_children_absent_slot_bound(idx);
        }
        let ghost regions_pre = *regions;
        // Snapshot the parent's PTE array for restoring `count_consistent`
        // after the absent→present (`new_pte`) install below.
        let ghost cp0 = parent_owner.children_perm.value();
        // The original (absent) entry value, for the fresh-node region/
        // tree-predicate discharge after `owner` is rebuilt as the new node.
        let ghost old_owner_val = owner.value;

        proof_decl! {
            let tracked mut new_node_owner: Tracked<OwnerSubtree<C>>;
        }

        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(regions), Tracked(guards), Ghost(idx) => Tracked(new_node_owner))]
        let new_page = PageTableNode::<C>::alloc(level - 1);

        proof {
            let pte = C::E::new_pt_spec(
                meta_to_frame(new_node_owner.value.node().meta_addr_self()),
            );
            old(parent_owner).set_children_perm_axiom(idx, pte);
            C::E::lemma_page_table_entry_properties();
        }

        let ghost new_node_slot_idx = new_node_owner.value.node().slot_index;
        let tracked new_node_slot_perm = regions.slots.tracked_borrow(new_node_slot_idx);
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(new_node_slot_perm))]
        let paddr = new_page.start_paddr();

        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(&mut new_node_owner.value), Tracked(regions))]
        let new_pte = Child::PageTable(new_page).into_pte();

        proof {
            broadcast use group_page_meta;

        }

        let pt_ref = unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(regions))]
            PageTableNodeRef::borrow_paddr(paddr)
        };

        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(&new_node_owner.value.tracked_borrow_node()), Tracked(guards))]
        let pt_lock_guard = pt_ref.lock(guard);

        unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(&*regions))]
            self.write_pte(idx, new_pte)
        };

        // `count_consistent` is momentarily broken between `alloc` and the
        // `+ 1` below, but the `nr_children` id-clause that `read`/`write` need
        // is framed from the pre-`alloc` snapshot: `meta_own` is preserved by
        // `set_children_perm`/`write_pte`, and the parent slot perm is untouched
        // (`alloc` allocates a different slot, `write_pte` leaves regions
        // immutable).

        let tracked parent_meta_perm2 = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
            parent_owner.slot_index,
        );
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm2))]
        let nr_children = self.nr_children_mut();
        let old_nr_children = nr_children.read(Tracked(&parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children));
        nr_children.write(Tracked(&mut parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children), old_nr_children + 1);

        proof {
            // Restore the parent's `count_consistent`: slot `idx` went
            // absent → present (the new PT node) and `nr_children` was
            // incremented by 1, so `count_present(children_perm)` rises by 1
            // in lockstep.
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::lemma_count_present_upto_update(
                cp0,
                NR_ENTRIES as int,
                idx as int,
                new_pte,
            );
        }

        proof {
            owner.value = new_node_owner.value;
            owner.value.parent_level = level as PagingLevel;
            owner.value.path = old_path;
            owner.children = new_node_owner.children;
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::rebase_freshly_allocated_children(owner, old_path);

            let new_paddr = owner.value.meta_slot_paddr().unwrap();
            regions.inv_implies_correct_addr(new_paddr);
            let new_idx = frame_to_index(new_paddr);
            let tracked mut new_meta_slot = regions.slot_owners.tracked_remove(new_idx);
            new_meta_slot.paths_in_pt = set![owner.value.path];
            regions.slot_owners.tracked_insert(new_idx, new_meta_slot);
        }

        proof {
            // Discharge the region-preservation + fresh-node
            // `tree_predicate_map` conjuncts of the big `is_absent` ensures
            // block.
            broadcast use crate::specs::mm::frame::meta_owners::axiom_mmio_usage_iff_mmio_paddr;
            // (a) Region predicates preserved off the new node's slot: the
            // install only touches `new_idx`.
            // (b) `tree_predicate_map` over the fresh node: each predicate
            // holds at the node root and trivially at the absent children
            // (which have `None` grandchildren), via
            // `fresh_node_tree_predicate_map`.

            let ghost new_node_addr = owner.value.node().meta_addr_self();
            let f_nu = CursorOwner::<'rcu, C>::node_unlocked_except(*guards, new_node_addr);
            let f_ms = PageTableOwner::<C>::metaregion_sound_pred(*regions);
            let f_pt = PageTableOwner::<C>::path_tracked_pred(*regions);

            // Root predicates.

            // Child predicates (absent children ⟹ trivial).
            assert forall|i: int| 0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES implies {
                &&& #[trigger] f_nu(
                    owner.children[i].unwrap().value,
                    owner.value.path.push_tail(i as usize),
                )
                &&& f_ms(owner.children[i].unwrap().value, owner.value.path.push_tail(i as usize))
                &&& f_pt(owner.children[i].unwrap().value, owner.value.path.push_tail(i as usize))
            } by {};

            crate::specs::mm::page_table::fresh_node_tree_predicate_map(
                *owner,
                owner.value.path,
                f_nu,
            );
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::fresh_node_tree_predicate_map(
                *owner,
                owner.value.path,
                f_ms,
            );
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::fresh_node_tree_predicate_map(
                *owner,
                owner.value.path,
                f_pt,
            );
        }

        pt_lock_guard
    }

    #[verifier::spinoff_prover]
    #[verus_spec(
        with Tracked(regions): Tracked<&mut MetaRegionOwners>,
             Tracked(owner): Tracked<&mut EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(new_owner): Tracked<&mut EntryOwner<C>>,
             Tracked(parent_owner): Tracked<&mut NodeOwner<C>>,
        requires
            old(owner).inv(),
            old(owner).is_absent(),
            old(owner).metaregion_sound(*old(regions)),
            old(parent_owner).inv(),
            old(parent_owner).relate_guard(*old(self)),
            old(parent_owner).level == old(owner).parent_level,
            idx < NR_ENTRIES,
            old(owner).match_pte(
                old(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[idx as int],
                old(owner).parent_level,
            ),
            old(regions).inv(),
            old(regions).slots.contains_key(old(parent_owner).slot_index),
            old(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*old(regions)),
            Child::<C>::Frame(paddr, level, prop).invariants(*old(new_owner), *old(regions)),
            old(owner).path == old(new_owner).path,
            old(owner).parent_level == old(new_owner).parent_level,
        ensures
            final(new_owner).inv(),
            final(parent_owner).inv(),
            *final(owner) == old(owner).from_pte_owner_spec(),
            *final(new_owner) == old(new_owner).into_pte_owner_spec(),
            final(new_owner).pte_invariants(
                final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[idx as int],
                *final(regions),
            ),
            forall|i: int|
                0 <= i < NR_ENTRIES && i != idx ==> #[trigger] old(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[i]
                    == final(parent_owner).children_perm.value()[i],
            final(parent_owner).slot_index == old(parent_owner).slot_index,
            final(parent_owner).level == old(parent_owner).level,
            final(parent_owner).tree_level == old(parent_owner).tree_level,
            final(parent_owner).meta_own.nr_children.id() == old(parent_owner).meta_own.nr_children.id(),
            final(parent_owner).meta_own.stray == old(parent_owner).meta_own.stray,
            final(parent_owner).relate_guard(*final(self)),
            final(parent_owner).metaregion_sound_node(*final(regions)),
            *final(regions) == *old(regions),
            *final(self) == *old(self),
    )]
    pub(in crate::mm) fn replace_absent_with_frame(
        &mut self,
        idx: usize,
        paddr: Paddr,
        level: PagingLevel,
        prop: PageProperty,
    ) {
        // For restoring `count_consistent` after the absent→frame install.
        let ghost cp0 = parent_owner.children_perm.value();
        let tracked parent_meta_perm = regions.borrow_typed_perm::<PageTablePageMeta<C>>(
            parent_owner.slot_index,
        );
        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_meta_perm))]
        let nr_children = self.nr_children_mut();
        let old_nr_children = nr_children.read(Tracked(&parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children));
        proof {
            parent_owner.nr_children_absent_slot_bound(idx);
        }
        nr_children.write(Tracked(&mut parent_owner.meta_own.nr_children), old_nr_children + 1);

        #[verus_spec(with Tracked(new_owner), Tracked(regions))]
        let new_pte = Child::<C>::Frame(paddr, level, prop).into_pte();

        unsafe {
            #[verus_spec(with Tracked(parent_owner), Tracked(&*regions))]
            self.write_pte(idx, new_pte)
        };

        proof {
            // Restore the parent's `count_consistent`: slot `idx` went
            // absent → present (the new frame) and `nr_children` was
            // incremented by 1.
            crate::specs::mm::page_table::node::owners::lemma_count_present_upto_update(
                cp0,
                NR_ENTRIES as int,
                idx as int,
                new_pte,
            );
        }
    }
}

} // verus!